{"id":110572,"date":"2025-12-08T01:31:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T01:31:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/explorersweb.com\/?p=110572"},"modified":"2025-12-08T01:31:30","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T01:31:30","slug":"volcanic-eruption-triggered-spread-of-black-death","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/explorersweb.com\/volcanic-eruption-triggered-spread-of-black-death\/","title":{"rendered":"A Volcanic Eruption Triggered the Spread of the Black Death"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Historians have long wondered why the Black Death took hold when it did and how it spread so rapidly. The bubonic plague tore across Europe from 1347 to 1351, killing an estimated<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> 25 million people<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. New research suggests that a volcanic eruption was indirectly to blame.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">A 1345 eruption threw ash and gas<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> into the air. This created a haze, which caused temperatures to drop for <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">several<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> years. Although fluctuations in annual temperatures are common, low temperatures for three consecutive years are not. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">It devastated harvests and triggered widespread crop failures and famine in the Mediterranean. To avoid mass starvation, <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Italian cities <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">expanded<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> their trade across the Black Sea<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">.<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> Within weeks of the grain\u2019s arrival in 1347 in Venice and other ports, plague outbreaks began.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Researchers think the bacterium that caused the plague, <\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Yersinia pestis<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, came from fleas on wild rodents (possibly gerbils) in Central Asia. As trade routes expanded, so did the number of Black Sea ships with bacteria-ridden fleas arriving in Europe. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u201cThese powerful Italian city-states had established long-distance trade routes across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea&#8230;to prevent starvation,\u201d said Martin Bauch, co-author of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43247-025-02964-0\">study<\/a>. \u201cBut ultimately, these led to a far bigger catastrophe.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_110573\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-110573\" class=\"size-full wp-image-110573\" src=\"https:\/\/explorersweb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-06-015427-e1764986185388.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-110573\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Consecutive &#8216;blue rings&#8217; in a sample from the Pyrenees. Photo: University of Cambridge<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The fleas from the grain ships became the vector that spread the disease across Europe. It quickly passed from rodents and other animals to humans. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Previous research had suggested these expanded trade routes as a possible cause of<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0the pandemic<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, but this most recent<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> team\u00a0<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">wanted<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> to <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">shed light on the timing<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. The bacteria did not suddenly appear in the 14th century; they have been around for nearly 5,000 years.<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0So what suddenly caused its rapid spread? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u201cThis is something I\u2019ve wanted to understand for a long time\u2026Why did it happen at this exact time and place in European history?\u201d said co-author Ulf Buntgen. &#8220;It\u2019s such an interesting question, but it\u2019s one no one can answer alone.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">A<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> major clue lay in tree rings\u00a0<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">from the Spanish Pyrenees. During the summers of 1345, 1346, and 1347, bands of unusually narrow \u201cblue rings\u201d signified cooler, wetter summers. <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">At the same time, ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica reveal elevated levels of sulfur, suggesting a global eruption<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">.<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">As the sulfur-laden haze blocked the sunlight, it plunged parts of the Mediterranean into colder weather, killing crops and prompting expanded trade. <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">This created the perfect storm for one of the worst pandemics in human history.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The bacteria that causes the Black Death did not suddenly appear in the 14th century. It had been around for 5,000 years. So what caused its rapid spread?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2117,"featured_media":110574,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[103,86],"coauthors":[142],"class_list":["post-110572","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medical","category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Volcanic Eruption Triggered the Spread of the Black Death &#187; Explorersweb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The bacterium that causes the Black Death did not suddenly appear in the 14th century. It had been around for 5,000 years. 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